News: Devariya Botanical Garden

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Tourism Industry- A brief Analysis in the context of Nepal

A Brief status of Tourism Industry in the context of Nepal

The word "Tourism" is derived from French word "tourisme", originated in 19^th century, and cited for the first time in Oxford English Dictionary in 1811, meaning "the business of providing accommodation and services for people visiting a place". In general, tourism involves movement or journey of human beings from one place to another place for various purposes.

Many people have been defined tourism in their own way but the definition given by Huniger and Krapf is conceptual one and adopted by Association international d' experts' scientifique du tourism (AIEST):

"Tourism is the sum of the phenomena and interrelationships arising from the travel and stay of non-residents, in so far as they do not lead to permanent residence and not connected with earning activity”. The term "tourist" appeared around 1800, meaning an individual who moves or travel for pleasure of travelling out of curiosity.

 Nepal is leading touristic destination in the world. The tourism industry so called smokeless industry can be boon for Nepalese for their socio-cultural, environmental and economical development.

Trend of tourism activities in Nepal

}  Began significant growth since1950s- development of modern tourism with the advent of democracy in Nepal.

}  Mass tourism effects since 1960s- plans and policies created in these periods.

}  Alternative tourism concept last of 1970s.

}  Sustainable Tourism development last of 1980s.

}  Ecotourism, Quality tourism 1990s.

}  Responsible Tourism CoC (code of conduct) & CSR with 2000 A.D.

Status:

According to ministry of culture, tourism and civil aviation; the expenditure made by a tourist per day is halved in 2012 in last 5 years in Nepal. The trend of incoming tourist rate is in increasing from 2009. This is good sign for Nepalese people but basics strategies need at present for sustainable growth of these one in upcoming days.

Year	Growth rate (%)	Daily expenditure of a tourist ($)
2008	-5	73
2009	1.9	65.3
2010	18.21	43.2
2011	22.10	38.2
2012	9.8	35.6

Foreign direct investment (FDI) in tourism sector increases more than four fold in 2012-13, indicating rising interest of foreign investor in this industry due to higher arrival of tourist as well as ending of political instability and conflict.

FDI in tourism

Year	Amount (Rs)
2005-06	164 million
2006-07	267 million
2007-08	744 million
2008-09	763 million
2009-10	717 million
2010-11	1.18 billion
2011-12	837 million
2012-13	3.89 billion

According to department of industry (DOI), Tourism is 3^rd higher recipient of FDI after services and manufacturing sectors. The future scenario of tourism in Nepal is encouraging and upgrading; and should be sustained for sustainable attraction of foreign investment for sustainable and balanced development of the country. The foreign investment is good source of employment opportunity, GNP and tax revenue for developing countries. Besides leisure tourism the government should promote business as well as corporate tourism in Nepal. Business tourism is the provision of providing facilities and services for the people attending meeting, conference, congresses, exhibition, business events, incentives travels and corporate hospitality.

It is the most things that investors are concerned with the Nepal's political climate. So, main concentration should be motivated towards maintaining of stability of political situation for huge tourism potential in Nepal.

According to travel and tourism economy impact 2012 Nepal published by the world travel and tourism council (WTTC), investment in the travel and tourism sector in 2012 amounted to Rs. 12.5 billion or 4.1% of the total investment. The report said that investment would rise 8.2 percent in 2013. In 2011, the tourism industry attracted capital investment of Rs. 12 billion. The report shows that the travel trade provided 553500 jobs directly in 2012. And the contribution was 412500 in 2011. In the global scenario, travel & Tourism directly supported 101,118,000 jobs (3.4% of total employment) in 2012. This is expected to rise by 1.2% in 2013 and rise by 2.0% pa to 125,288,000 jobs (3.7% of total employment) in 2023.

This is what the fact in global context as well, in the country too; reflects the economic significance of tourism industry in enhancing livelihood and as a whole developing economy of the country. Realizing the impact and significances of tourism in various aspects and fields, it is next to adopt mitigating measures and develop the strategies for sustaining industry inside the country. There are many missions to carry on at present, many to develop vision for future and many tasks to implement for achieving objectives.

Sources:

Arthik aviyan- rastriya dainik patrika

Bhatta, Damodar Prasad., Ecotourism in Nepal.

The Kathmandu post- National daily newspaper.

World travel and tourism council-annual report 2013.

Various other texts:

Can creativity be developed?

Everyone is born creative to smaller or greater degree but in 95 percent of cases, the level of creativity is lowered between the ages of 5-8 years as one grows up by-

• ·         Social pressures to confirm.
• ·         Unimaginative and competitive formal education system.

So what's creativity?

The oxford dictionary meaning of creativity is the use of imagination or original ideas to create something, inventiveness. The generation of an original or productive idea put into action is called creativity. In the same time, it should be cleared that creativity is different form imagination. Imagination lacks an objective, whereas creativity involves thought process for certain purpose in a direction to action. Talent, originality and imagination definitely help creativity.

Creative people are generally curious, open minded, optimist, enthusiastic, self-motivated, an independent thinker and usually believes nothing is impossible. Person who have distinguished themselves in artistic, scientific and entrepreneurial creation exemplify this duality between integration and diffusion, conveyance and divergence, thesis and antithesis: psychological studies describe this duality as intellect and intuition, the conscious and unconscious, conventional and unconventional, simple and complex.( Encyclopedia Britannica, pp 711-712).

Creativity is neither a born trait nor a gift of god but can be developed and built up. Prof. William James of Harvard University has said that the average man develops only ten percent of his mental ability.

Factors affecting creativity

The factors that affect creativity in human are given below:

1. Motivation

Motivation refers to the psychological process that gives purpose and direction to behavior. it is want, need, desire, aspiration, wish, aim, ambition, goal lead to certain activity and finally learning process that propels the creative process . i.e;

Performance = f (ability x motivation)

                                                                                        

2. Questioning attitude

The famous author, Peter Drucker once said, "Be curious and you will be innovative." A questioning attitude in man develops learning about new ideas and techniques for certain purposes.

3. Constructive discontentment

Constructive discontentment is degree of restlessness that activates the inner urge to think of creative ideas. Those who are content on themselves are creative less.

4. Perseverance

Perseverance means continuance in a state of grace leading finally to a state of glory. If a person has to be creative, should never say die.

5. Guarding against mental blocks

A creative person should guard against negative dusts of mind that impede creativity. These mental blocks may be perceptual blocks, cultural blocks, emotional blocks.

Perceptual blocks:

Perception means what an individual experiences at given time. It refers to the process through which the individual receives structures and interprets information from the environment. A creative person should look beyond the traditional approach to achieve breakthrough.

·         Cultural blocks:

It might arise due to restriction imposed by society in the form of customs, tradition, beliefs and laws. It may include tendency to over- generalized, using statistical approach, following taboos, social beliefs and having mind set ie; a set in pattern of thinking.

·         Emotional blocks:

Emotional blocks in human is due to negative feeling such as fear of making pioneering effort, fear of appearing before a crowd, timidity and tension. It's about strong determination, courage, conviction, faith and belief in themselves to overcome this blocks from mind.

The ability to innovate and create faster than your competitors may be only sustainable competitive advantages. Since the global market becomes interconnected, all things in this globe will become complex, concrete, dynamic and competitive. So, the key for survival and existence in competitive today's and future then is creativity and innovation. Yes! May be the next step is to develop of our own habit of creativity and attempt to implement in daily life to adapt not only survive to this dynamic global competition.

A potential Fruit found in Himalayas of our country: Its importance and value is boon for us...lets know about it.

Sea buckthorn and Its importance- A potential fruit in Himalayas

                                                                                                                       

Scientific classification                                                                                            

Kingdom: Plantae

Order: Rosales

Family: Elaeagnaceae

Genus: Hippophae (Linn.)

English name: sea buckthorn.

Out of 7 species of sea buckthorn, H.salicifolia (local name: Dale chuk, chichi) and H.tibetena (Bhuin chuk, taru, tora) are only two species found in Himalayan region of Nepal.

Sea buckthorn is hardy, deciduous, dioecious and spinescent shrub and multipurpose small tree having an ecological, ethno-botanical, medicinal and commercial uses.

Distribution:

Sea buckthorn is native to various parts from Asia to Europe. The natural habitat extends in China, Mongolia, Russia and most of parts of northern Europe. In Nepal, H.salicifolia is distributed from 1800-3600 msl.^* and H.tibetena from 3600-4200 msl^* (Gupta et al, 2000). It has been recorded in mountainous region, Manang, Mustang, Humla, Jumla, Darchula, Dolpa, Rasuwa and Baglung ranging from altitude 2000-4500m.

Description:

Sea buckthorn is shrub of about 0.5 to 6m tall and rarely up to 10m found in central Asia. It is light demander species and cannot tolerate shady condition near large trees. It is hydrophilous plant that grows in areas that receives an annual ppt of 400-600mm. It has been recorded to grow in an area having annual moisture ranges from 600-700mm (Rongsen, 1992). It can even withstand an air temperature ranging -10⁰C (in winter) to 30⁰C (in summer) and are drought as well as salt tolerant.

Sea buckthorn is dioecious plant with no remarkable distinct between male and female plant. Pollination is anemophilous, i.e.; by wind. Sex of plant is difficult to distinguish till the flowering stage (Rongsen, 1990). It generally propagates through seed but can be regenerate through vegetative means (root/stem cutting). Vegetative propagation is aided by “root turion” present in horizontal root.

H.salicifolia

·         Deciduous willow like thorny tree of about 10m tall.

·         Leaves- short stalked, oblong to lanceolate, 3-7cm by 6-8mm, with star shaped hairs beneath.

·         Flowers- male flowers are stalkless where female flowers are solitary occurring in leafless stem.

·         Fruits- yellowish to orange in color.

·         Flowering time- April to May.

·         Fruiting time- October to March.

·         Seed collection time- September-November (Bhadra-kartik).

·         Number of seeds/kg- 90,000-1,10,000.

·         Association- with Alnus nepalensis, Debrpegeasia salicifolia, Desmodium elegans, pinus wallichiana, populus spp in lower elevation and Abies spectabilis, Taxus wallichiana, Tsuga dumosa at higher elevation (Pyakurel 2001).             

                                                                                  (Polunin and stainton 1984;Manandhar 2002)

fig.1. H.salicifolia                                                        fig.2. H.tebetena

H.tibetena

·         Deciduous shrublet of about 60 cm height.

·         Leaves- elliptical shaped covered with rust colored scales, 1.5-2 cm by 2-4 mm.

·         Flower- stalkless, unisexual, yellowish color.

·         Fruits- orange red in color.

·         Flowering time- April to June

·         Fruiting time- August to September

·         Seed collection time- October-November (Aswin- kartik).

·         Number of seeds/kg- 50,000-70,000.

·         Association- with Anemone sp., Berberis sp., Geranium sp., Iris sp., Juniperus indica, Lonicera spinosa, Rosa sp., Salix sp., Sophora sp. (Polunin and stainton 1984, Manandhar 2002, Pyakurel 2001, Pyakurel and Gurung 2006).

Uses and importance

Sea buckthorn is also known as “liquid gold plant” in Russia, China and Mongolia. It is multipurpose plant having wide ecological, ethno-botanical and economical value.

Local uses: Ripe berry can be eaten raw and it is sour in taste. Fruits are processed to make home- made vinegar called “chuk” (in nepali). Leaves can be used as nutritional tea either fresh or dried. Its leaves, young branches and fruit pulps can be good source of animal fodder.

Ecological importance: Roots of Sea buckthorn spread rapidly, widely and extensively in the soils. It helps to control and checks erosion and promotes soil and water conservation. It is found to be symbiotically associated with Frankia, an actinomycetes in its root nodules. This symbiotic association enables plant to fix as much as 180 kg of atmospheric nitrogen/ha/annum (Rongsen, 1992; Singh et al 2001). The whole body part of shrubs acts as wind breaks and stabilizes the riverbanks or landscape. It is ornamental bushes that enhance wildlife habitat and farm stand protection.

Medicinal value: Different part of it is used for medicinal purposes. Barks and leaves have been used for treating diarrhea and various dermatological diseases. Fruits have high content of vitamin “C” (range=114-1550 mg per 100 grams) i.e.; about 15 times more than that of orange (range= 45mg per 100 grams). Fruit contains soluble sugar (7.1%), organic acids (4.4%), Vitamins (Vitamin C, Vitamin E, and Carotene), free amino acids, proteins (globulin, albumin, and carotene), flavonoids, 27 elements and several bioactive substances and minerals (Rongsen 1992). The seed oil is considered to be anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-cancer and is used to treat mucositis, radiation damage, ulcer, burns, etc (Xu 1999).

Consumer’s products: Fruits are used to manufacture products like jams, jellies, pies, lotion, liquors, and beverages. Seeds and pulp of fruits is used for making various cosmetics products. Production of sea buckthorn juice has been started since 1990 in trekking route to Manang and Mustang. These fruit juice are mainly centralized in Kathmandu city and sold in supermarket.

Sea buckthorn is one of the most important leading plant species found in Himalayan region of our country that can contribute in income generation of local rural people from its leaves, barks and fruits. Proper management and production of sea buckthorn can support livelihood of people of Himalayan region in one hand and promote biodiversity conservation in other hand. So, local people should be awared about the potentiality, multiple-benefits and market availability that sea buckthorn can hold and provide.

*msl- mean sea level.

Reference:

Ansari sahim. A: Sea buckthorn –A potential resource for biodiversity conservation in Nepal.

Todd Jim: transition crop specialist/OMAFRA: www.omafra.gov.on.ca

Pyakurel D and Baniya. A, WWF Nepal: NTFP- Impetus for conservation and livelihood support in Nepal.

Xu M. 1999. The medical research and exploitation of Seabuckthorn. Hippophae

Rongsen L. 1990. Seabuckthorn Resources and its Underexploited Potential in the Himalayan Region. ICIMOD MFS series no.12, Kathmandu, Nepal.

Rongsen L. 1992. Seabuckthorn; A Multipurpose Plant Species for Fragile Mountains. ICIMOD occasional paper no. 20, Kathmandu, Nepal.

Pyakurel D. 2001. Germination and Seedling Growth of Seabuckthorn (Hippophae L.).

Polunin, O. and Stainton A. 1984. Flowers of the Himalaya. Oxford University Press.

www.wikipedia.org-image source.